Carol D. Ryff and Corey Lee M. Keyes
University of Wisconsin—Madison
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1995, Vol. 69, No. 4,719-727
Abstract
A theoretical model of psychological well-being that encompasses 6 distinct dimensions of wellness
(Autonomy, Environmental Mastery, Personal Growth, Positive Relations With Others, Purpose in
Life, Self-Acceptance) was tested with data from a nationally representative sample of adults (iV -
1,108), aged 25 and older, who participated in telephone interviews. Confirmatory factor analyses
provided support for the proposed 6-factor model, with a single second-order super factor. The model
was superior in fit over single-factor and other artifactual models. Age and sex differences on the
various well-being dimensions replicated prior findings. Comparisons with other frequently used
indicators (positive and negative affect, life satisfaction) demonstrated that the latter neglect key
aspects of positive functioning emphasized in theories of health and well-being.
